Гістарычны шлях нацыі і дзяржавы
Радзім Гарэцкі, Міхась Біч, Уладзімір Конан
Выдавец: Беларускі кнігазбор
Памер: 348с.
Мінск 2001
6^Arn, НІХАЙ ЖЫВЕ Шродная
Маркі БНР Stamps of the BPR
Іван Серада 1917—1919 гг.
Пётра Крэчэўскі 1919—1928 гг.
Васіль Захарка 1928—1943 гг.
Мікола Абрамчык 1943—1970 гг.
Вінцэнт Жук-Грышкевіч 1970—1982 гг.
Язэп Сажыч 1982—1997 гг.
Івонка Сурвілла з 1997 г.
Прэзідэнты Рады БНР
Presidents of the Rada of the BPR
БЕЛАРУСКАЯ САВЕЦКАЯ САЦЫЯЛІСТЫЧНАЯ РЭСПУБЛІКА BYELORUSSIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
Першы старшыня ўрада БССР Зміцер Жылуновіч (Цішка Гартны) Zmitser Zhylunovich (true name of Tsishka Hartny), the first Chairman of the government of the BSSR
Камісар працы ў Часовым савецкім урадзе Беларусі Язэп Дыла
Yazep Dyla, the Commissar of Labour in the Provisional Soviet government of Belarus
BECTKI
Часомго Работніча-Селанскаго Радаваго (Соаетского) Ураду Беларусі.
Ваійамжь j 1 • тымяяь j
.М I Надмл IU at.».* .« («нмі.аі IVtW г
МАНІХВЭСТ Чмоааг* Patorama-Семкмго Омцммо Лрміцяаьггаа Бемрусі. Тамрышы і братьНрдбочыд, бсдмыа с*лям« і чырвонмрмдйцы БелдруЦ
Газета «Весткі» з Маніфестам Часовага савецкага ўрада Беларусі Newspaper Viestki (News) with a manifesto of the Provisional Soviet government of Belarus
Аляксандр Чарвякоў, y 1920— 1937 гг. старшыня ЦВК БССР Aliaksandr Charviakou, the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the BSSR in 1920—1937
Дом Урада ў Мінску House of Government in Minsk
Беларускі дзяржаўны Вялікі тэатр оперы і балета Belarusian State Vialiki Theatre of Opera and Ballet
Мінск у 1944 г. Minsk in 1944
Падарваны партызанамі эшалон Train blown up by partisans
Парад партызан у вызваленым Мінску Review of partisans in a free Minsk
Маршал CCCP, герой Савецкага Саюза Васіль Сакалоўскі, ураджэнец Беларусі Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the USSR Vasil Sakalousky, born in Belarus
Маршал CCCP, герой Савецкага Саюза Іван Якубоўскі, ураджэнец Беларусі
Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the USSR Ivan Yakubousky, born in Belarus
Першы сакратар Кампартыі Беларусі Пётр Машэраў Piotr Masherau, the first secretary of the Communist Party of Belarus
Мінск. Траецкае прадмесце Trayetskaye pradmiestsie, Minsk
Прадукцыя Беларускага аўтазавода ў г. Жодзіна, славутыя БелАЗы Famous BELAZs produced at Belarusian autoplant in Zhodzina
Мінск. Праспект Машэрава Masherava Praspekt, Minsk
Прывакзальная плошча беларускай сталіцы Pryvakzalnaya squre in the Belarusian capital
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Наваполацкі нафтаперапрацоўчы завод Navapolatski oil refinery
Беларускі сельскі краявід Belarusian coutryside
РЭСПУБЛІКА БЕЛАРУСЬ REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
Устанаўленне памятнага крыжа пакутнікам Беларусі ў Курапатах Installation of a memorial cross to Belarusian martyrs in Kurapaty
Чарнобыльскі шлях. Фота Г. Ліхтаровіча Charnobyl march. Picture taken by H. Likhtarovich
Жыве Беларусь! 1991 г.
Zhyvie Belarus (Long Live Belarus!), 1991
Вашынгтон, Белы Дом. У час гутаркі С. Шушкевіча з прэзідэнтам ЗША Б. Клінтанам. 1993 г.
Washington, the White House. Negotiations between Speaker of the Parliament of Belarus S. Shushkievich and President of the USA B. Clinton, 1993
Уступнае слова прэзідэнта Згуртавання беларусаў свету «Бацькаўшчына», народнага пісьменніка Васіля Быкава на Першым з’ездзе беларусаў свету
Opening address of the People’s writer Vasil Bykau, the president of the International Association of the Belarusian people ‘Batskaushchyna’, at the first World Congress of the Belarusian people
У час Першага з’езда беларусаў свету At the first World Congress of the Belarusian people
Ірэна Каляда-Смірноў, грамадскі дзеяч беларускай эміграцыі, мецэнат Irena Kaliada-Smirnou, a public figure of the Belarusian emigration, patron of arts and sponsor
Мінск. Плошча Незалежнасці
Ploshcha Nezaliezhnastsi (Square of Independence), Minsk
Мінск. Праспект Францішка Скарыны Frantsishka Skaryny Praspekt, Minsk
Міжнародны аэрапорт «Мінск-2» International airport Minsk-II
Мінск. Гасцініца «Беларусь» Hotel Belarus, Minsk
Прэзідэнт Аляксандр Лукашэнка прысягае на вернасць Канстытуцыі незалежнай Беларусі і яе народу. У прэзідыуме — старшыня Вярхоўнага Савета Мечыслаў Грыб і яго намеснік Іван Бамбіза. 1994 г.
President Aliaksandr Lukashenka makes an oath to serve the Constitution of the independent Belarus and its people. Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (Speaker of the Parliament) Mechyslau Hryb and his deputy Ivan Bambiza are in the presidium, 1994
Мітынг апазіцыі. 1994 г.
Meeting of the opposition, 1994
Марш свабоды. 2000 г.
March for freedom, 2000
Яніна Карольчык — чэмпіёнка Алімпійскіх гульняў 2000 г. у Сіднеі Фота Г. Сямёнава
Yanina Karolchyk, the Olympic champion of 2000 in Sydney
Picture by H. Siamionau
Міжнароднае рыцарскае свята ў старажытным Наваградку. 2000 г.
International knight festival in the ancient Navahradak, 2000
Буслы вяртаюцца ў родныя буслянкі Storks are back home again
Зубры ў Белавежскай пушчы Aurochs in Belaviezhskaya forest preserve
Пачатак дарог Беларусі Starting point of Belarusian roads
mouth of the Dzvina, and within a year the Order of Sword-bearers was established there. It brought a real danger for Polatsk; the way to the sea was lost, and this had a negative influence on the economics of the Principality.
At the same time the entire Belarusian territory came under a great threat from outside. The Leonic and Teutonic Orders of sword-bearers were threatening from the North and the West, and the Mongol-Tatar hordes were bringing a danger from the South and the East. Those difficult conditions caused the formation of a new political centre in the region of the Upper and Middle Nioman lands, where Baltic tribal groups and Slavic city-states, like Navahradak, Harodnya, Slonim, and Vaukavysk, used to be. The Balts and the Slavs were located in that region, their territories quite mixed. As the Slavs and the Balts cooperated and lived in peace, that region, especially the towns, enjoyed great economical and cultural growth. A favourable geopolitical position helped this territory to be free of war. In the Xlllth century the name of Lithuania began to be associated with that region. And later a new Slavic-Baltic state, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, was formed on that very land.
This process was much forced by the real outside threat from the sword-bearers and the Mongol-Tatars. The initiative came from feudal lords of the most developed Slavic city of Navahradak (nowadays Navahrudak). This new state, uniting the Slavic and the Baltic lands, was a strong defence against the invaders. In the 1240s an alliance with the strongest Baltic prince Mindouh was formed. Mindouh was asked to be the Prince of Navahradak and was Christianized, having been a Pagan previously.
Navahradak at once was distinguished as a political center and the capital of a new state. And the first step of its consolidation policy was a successful attempt to conquer the Baltic and Slavic lands in Central and North-Eastern Belarus. In 1253, according to the ordinance of the Pope, Mindouh was crowned as king. His son Voishalk also succeeded in further state formation.
The Slavic state organization system was accepted into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Slavic population of the GDL prevailed and was better developed economically, socially, and culturally. The Balts, being Pagans, had no written language at that time. So, Old Belarusian, used by the Slavs, was accepted as the official language of the GDL. Belarusian culture dominated as well. The Slavic influence was so strong that the native Balts began using Belarusian as a spoken language in their everyday life. The Slavic domination was finally established after the Polatsk principality became a part of the GDL in 1307.
The position of the GDL was further strengthened by the consolidation policy led by Grand Duke Vitsen. Under the rule of his successors Grand Dukes Hedzimin and Alhierd the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became a great European power. It stretched from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from Bierastsie lands to the upper reaches of the Oka. These lands were mainly Slavic as the Baltic territories compounded only one fifth.
In 1323 Grand Duke Hedzimin moved the capital to Vilnya which remained the political and cultural center of the GDL until its last days. Vilnya was founded by the Slavs-Kryvichy known on these lands since the Vllth century AD. In the Xlth century it was mentioned as a Kryvichy settlement named Kryvy (Kryvich)-town. In the second half of the Xlth century the settlement became the centre of the principality where both the Slavs and the Balts lived. And for a long time afterwards, when there was no more GDL, Vilnya remained for the Belarusians the centre of political and cultural life. In October, 1939 our ancient capital was handed over by Stalin to the Lithuanian Rebublic.
To withstand the aggression of the cross-bearers in 1385, an alliance between the GDL and Poland, called the Kreuskaya Unia, was formed. According to the agreement, the Grand Duke of the GDL Yahaila married the Queen of Poland Jadwiga and was proclaimed as King of Poland. Just after that Poland made certain attempts to dominate the GDL.
Nevertheless, Grand Duke Vitaut managed to protect the independent position of the GDL in a prolonged struggle with Yahaila. The years of his rule (1392-1430) were the
golden age for the GDL. In 1422 Zhamoits (a historical territory of the contemporary Lietuva) was finally made a part of the Duchy. Vitaut Vialiki (Vitaut the Great) undertook diplomatic relations with every Western European country, the Crimean khanate, the Ottoman empire (Turkey), and Muscovy. In the middle of the XVth century our state was accordingly renamed into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia, and Zhamoits.
One should notice that with Vitaut as a Duke, the Grand Duchy became really grand. It possessed quite a large territory of more than 900,000 square km, as well as playing a significant role in the political life of Europe.
Subsequent Grand Dukes Kazimir, Zhyhimont Stary (Zhyhimont the Old), Stsiapan Batura (or Stephan Batory), and others went on leading a consolidation policy, but sometimes their further attempts failed due to the unfavourable historical and political circumstances. The Duchy was involved into a number of wars and from time to time lost parts of its territories.
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